The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essays

The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essays The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essay The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essay The Euro argument is intensely emotional. Whilst on the one manus Trichet describes the Euro as [ T ] he coronating accomplishment of the individual market ( 2001, p.7 ) , others believe that the Euro is nil less than a confederacy to make an ( immorality ) European super-state. There can be no uncertainty that this is an of import issue, peculiarly in the United Kingdom given its authorities s definitely-maybe positions on the Euro. Consequently this essay will see the Euro inquiry with peculiar mention to the UK. First, it will see the statements for and against the UK come ining the Eurozone. Section 2 sets the scene by sketching a brief history of the Euro. Section 3 so describes the celebrated five trials set by Gordon Brown to enable a determination upon the annoyed inquiry of whether Britain should fall in the Euro. Section 4 considers the political facets of the argument, which this author sees as the existent issue in this argument. Section 5 examines life outside the Euro, and its deductions for the UK. Finally, subdivision 6 draws decisions on the Euro argument. 2. A Brief History of the Euro The route to the Euro began in the Maastricht Treaty [ 1991 ] , which agreed upon a common currency. The so British authorities ( Major s conservative authorities ) , nevertheless, was profoundly doubting about this, seeing pecuniary brotherhood as a measure towards federalism. Britain hence negotiated an opt-out clause ( as did Denmark ) . Maastricht run into troubles ( notably, rejection in the Danish referendum ) , but despite this the Euro-bulldozer rolled inexorably frontward, traveling from aspiration to world. A European Central Bank was established in Frankfurt. And in 1999 the Euro became the national currency of the bulk of EU provinces. 3. Brown s Five Trials In 1997 Gordon Brown, the British Chancellor, set out a series of five trials, designed to enable a determination upon the annoyed inquiry of whether Britain should fall in the Euro. These trials give a clear reply: decidedly, possibly. These trials are, foremost, whether there can be sustainable convergence between Britain and the economic systems of a individual currency ; secondly, whether there is sufficient flexibleness to get by with economic alteration ; thirdly, the consequence on investing ; fourthly, the impact on our fiscal services by and large ; and fifthly, whether it is good for employment. ( 1997 ) 3.1. Convergence This trial asked if the UK s economic system was sufficiently convergent with the remainder of Europe ( presumptively the Chancellor remembered Black Wednesday ) . It was non met in 1997, and failed once more in 2003. As Schwartz commented: Giving up its ain pecuniary policy to be ruled by EU pecuniary policy will expose it to involvement rate motions that are non appropriate to its economic state of affairs and can immerse it into recession. ( 2000, p.68 ) But although one can surely reason there is deficient convergence, Howell points out that: [ I ] f the UK gives a strong signal that it wishes to fall in in a set clip frame, UK involvement rates, merely like Italy s or Portugal s are likely to meet towards the nucleus provinces. ( 2002, p.31 ) 3.2. Flexibility This trial aims to analyze whether there is sufficient flexibleness to get by with economic jobs that might emerge. This trial was non met in 1997, a decision repeated in 2003. 3.3. Investing Clearly there are differing positions on the consequence of the Euro upon inward investing. However, it was held that this trial was met. 3.4. Financial Services The fiscal services industry has ever been important to the UK s fiscal wellbeing, and Brown evidently felt the demand to underscore this. Again, there is conflicting grounds upon the consequence entry into the Euro would hold on the City. Ultimately though, it was held that this trial was met. 3.5. Growth, Stability and Employment Brown held that growing, stableness and employment must be considered a trial held to be met. With merely three of the five trials met, Brown was non obliged to inquire the state its positions on the Euro ; handily for Brown, given that sentiment polls systematically show British public disfavor of the Euro. It is unsurprising, nevertheless, given that the trials are sufficiently intangible to guarantee that they can be met, or non, as political expedience demands. Brown has stated unambiguously that there will be a referendum before the Euro is adopted, stating: [ B ] ecause of the magnitude of the decisionaˆÂ ¦ , whenever the determination to enter is taken by Government, it should be put to a referendum of the British people. ( 1997 ) Therefore, whilst it is clear that a referendum can non be won, the authorities will claim the five trials have non been fulfilled, forestalling them from contending an unwinnable referendum. But if in the hereafter the electorate is more unfastened to the Euro, the authorities can state the trials have been met, and keep a referendum. 4. The Political Arguments By admiting the demand for a referendum Brown sidelong refers to the existent issue: the political facet of the determination. The determination will travel to the bosom of a province s sovereignty although Brown denies this: If a individual currency would be good for British occupations, British concern and future prosperity, it is right in rule to fall in. The constitutional issue is a factor in the determination, but it is non an overruling one. Rather, it signifies that, in order for pecuniary brotherhood to be right for Britain, the economic benefit should be clear and unambiguous. [ accent added ] ( 1997 ) But these constitutional issues can non be swept off so readily. As Gamble provinces, the economic instance by itself will neer be conclusive or decisive. It is the political pick that counts. ( 2000, p.4 ) Joining the Euro is lasting. It takes off, everlastingly, one facet of a province s independency. This is no little issue, and it should non be treated as one. Whilst a province remains outside the Eurozone, its options remain unfastened. Entry will, needfully, restrict its options. Once in it would be highly hard ( and lawfully doubtful ) to go forth. Further, there can be no uncertainty that the common currency is a move towards a federal province for, as Issing points out, a individual currency is used as a pace-setter towards political integrationaˆÂ ¦ ( 1996, p.20 ) This may, of class, be no bad thing. One Euro protagonist ( who, remarkably for a pro-Euro author, acknowledges its profound political impact ) suggests that fall ining the Euro would intend connection: [ a ] societal democratic EuropeaˆÂ ¦ , a trade brotherhood EuropeaˆÂ ¦ , a citizens Europe ( Gamble, 2000, pp.4-24 ) Ultimately, the issue of whether or non to fall in the Euro will ever be political. As Jones points out, authoritiess are political existences: Governments regard the pick for pecuniary integrating from a self-interested instead than an selfless position. Their concretion is subjective instead than objective. ( 2002, p.4 ) It is absolutely possible to supply a solid instance for fall ining the Euro. Equally, a convincing instance for staying outside the Eurozone can be made. Ultimately, the existent determination is political, non economic. It must, nevertheless, be emphasised that whether or non the United Kingdom enters the Eurozone, a pick is still being made. Inactivity is here every bit positive an act as activity. As Huhne points out: Britain can non simply choose out and feign that nil is go oning. ( 2001, p.96 ) There is no simple reply to this inquiry. It is a political inquiry that continues to resound in Westminster. 5. Life Outside the Euro: A Lucky Escape or an Opportunity Missed? When provinces accede to the European Union, they are explicitly accepting the full organic structure of European jurisprudence, the acquis communitaire. They are, hence, accepting that when their economic system meets the Euro s demands, they will fall in the Euro. In order to make this, they will necessitate to fall in the Exchange Rate Mechanism for a two twelvemonth period, and maintain their exchange rate within the ERM s bounds. After this, they will go members of the Eurozone. The diagram below explains this procedure. Integration of the AC into the pecuniary brotherhood through the ERM-II ( Krawczyk, 2004, p.3 ) Phase I Phase II ( at least two old ages ) Phase III EU accession and the ERM II rank Convergence appraisal and ( finally ) following the Euro The accession provinces do non hold an absolute timetable for fall ining the Euro zone. But in clip they will fall in it. The Euro, hence, is set to turn. In the interim, Britain and Denmark retain their opt-out rights vis-a-vis the Euro, and Sweden has yet to travel to it. It should be noted that there is some concern about the accession states fall ining the Eurozone. Indeed, Mr Koch-Weser, a Germany finance ministry functionary, has advised the future Member States that they should first beef up their economic systems. ( 2003 ) Given that the Euro will merely spread out, what will go on to those provinces that remain outside the Eurozone? Will their currency be relatively smallaˆÂ ¦.squeezed between the great tectonic home bases of Europe and America ? ( Huhne, 2001, p.96 ) It is alluring to presume that they will be isolated, but is this truly the instance? Once once more, this essay will concentrate upon the UK. Whilst many governments emphasise the troubles which will be faced by the UK staying outside of the Euro, others argue that the UK s involvements are really best served by staying outside the Eurozone. Indeed, Ferguson and Kotlikoff go every bit far as to propose that the Euro might non itself survive: What matters is whether the full pecuniary brotherhood will keep together in the old ages in front. The Euro s medium-term hereafter will turn out much shakier when Europe is hit by the financial crises looming for the bulk of the Euro zone s member states. ( 2006, p.111 ) 6. Decision There can be no uncertainty that, as persons, we might salvage money when traveling on vacation should Britain fall in the Eurozone. But there are many jobs which will confront the Euro over the following 10 old ages in peculiar those of enlargement, and the entry of less financially sound economic systems into the Eurozone. This leaves open the possibility that instead than enduring outside the Eurozone, the UK s economic system may even surpass the European economic system. As Eddie George points out: The UK, overall, has suffered no ill-effects from maintaining the lb, while the Euro-zone economic systems have done less good than expected, and, in many respects, less good than the UK. These economic phenomena are about surely structural, non transeunt. ( 2000 ) It is possible that if Britain continues to decline to fall in the Euro we will be left chill, whilst other provinces bask in the heat of the Euro-glow. But it is every bit possible that Britain will, on the whole, turn out to be better off by declining to fall in the Euro. Ultimately, Britain may turn out to be the lone individual processing in measure.

Ozraptor - Facts and Figures

Ozraptor - Facts and Figures Name: Ozraptor (Greek for lizard from Oz): pronounced OZ-rap-tore Habitat: Woodlands of Australia Historical Period: Middle Jurassic (175 million years ago) Size and Weight: About nine feet long and 100 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; bipedal posture About Ozraptor Sometimes, a single leg bone can be enough to shed light on a creature that lived 175 million years ago. Thats the case with the Australian Ozraptor, the partial tibia of which was first identified as belonging to a Jurassic turtle, and then reassigned to a new (and relatively early) genus of theropod (meat-eating dinosaur) closely related to the South American Abelisaurus. Until more fossil specimens are identified, though, thats all we may ever know about this distinctively named dinosaurand you should know that many experts are extremely skeptical about the existence of various dinosaur families, such as tyrannosaurs and ornithomimids (bird mimics), in the lands Down Under. One thing you we can definitely say about Ozraptor is that it was not technically a raptor, the family of dinosaurs typified by the North American Deinonychus and the central Asian Velociraptor (somewhat confusingly, paleontologists love to attach the raptor root to non-raptor dinosaurs, such as Gigantoraptor and Megaraptor). Raptors were a distinctive family of theropods that lived during the middle to late Cretaceous period, and were characterized, among other things, by their presumed coats of feathers and single, oversized, curving claws on each of their hind feetthus ruling out the middle Jurassic Ozraptor, whatever type of dinosaur it turns out to be!

Project Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Management - Term Paper Example enities, lease deadlines and renewal arrangements, lease and vendor contracts, correspondences for lease arrangements and tenant payment history together with their contacts. The system will therefore automatically detect upcoming vacancies in the apartment block well in advance to facilitate timely reservations and ensure seamless flow of revenue. For a successful implementation of this project, there must be in place human, physical and financial resources. With regards to the required human resource, software developers will be hired on a contractual basis. This is because the core business is property management and therefore software developers’ services will only be necessary until the fully implemented after which a technician’s services will be sought for system maintenance purposes. Room must be availed for the installation of the necessary hardware such as server, computers and other relevant accessories. All these will require financial resources for both the development of software, purchase of hardware and training of staff on the new system. Milestones will be measured through a proper reporting channel to the project manager from all the involved teams. The project will be divided into individual activities with each activity headed by a team leader. All the component activities will follow a strict time and progress reporting guideline. Software development should take a month during which the installation of the required hardware shall be complete. Since these two activities are independent, they can be undertaken simultaneously. Upon completion of these two significant activities, a test run of the system shall be done to verify the compatibility of the soft and hardware. Success of this activity will provide the green light for training of staff on how to use the new system which should last 14 days. During the training period, the new system will run alongside the existing one before a full crossover to the new system. A monitoring and

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest - Essay Example She is therefore the opposite of what a woman should be, especially one that is a nurse, and, as such, she represents the castrating female that men might fear. Argument We meet Nurse Ratched when she comes upon the black boys, who are, throughout the novel, a kind of background chorus, nameless and faceless, but always a part of the action. The boys are not doing anything particularly wrong, just standing around and talking. Nevertheless, Ratched descends upon them in fury - â€Å"she knows what they been saying, and I can see she's furious clean out of control. She's going to tear the black bastards limb from limb, she's so furious. She's swelling up, swells until her back's splitting out the white uniform and she's let her arms section out long enough to wrap around the three of them five, six times...† (Kesey, 1962, p. 5). What is interesting is the hyperbole that Kesey uses to describe the nurse – that she is large as a tractor, that her head is huge. This is told from the perspective of the Chief, and it is clear that the largeness of the nurse is symbolic of her degree of intimidation over the men. The description also makes her seem not just womanly, but not human. She seems more monstrous. This is symbolic, too, of her castrating female, as a monster is somebody who would represent somebody who might castrate a man. Nurse is somebody like a Medusa, who can turn men to stone just one glance. Therefore, it is obvious that Kesey wants us to see that Nurse Ratched is not just not maternal or caring, but that she is downright evil. Then, the description of the nurse changes, as she puts on her face for the people of the ward who might view her. It is obvious that she puts on a facade for people, as she does not want the world to view who she really is. When the other patients come out from their rooms to investigate what the commotion is, she immediately puts on her facade of sweetness - â€Å"smiling and calm and cold as usual† (Kesey, 1962, p. 5). Her actual physical features are very feminine - â€Å"face is smooth, calculated, and precision-made, like an expensive baby doll, skin like flesh-colored enamel, blend of white and cream and baby-blue eyes, small nose, pink little nostrils – everything working together except the color on her lips and fingernails, and the size of her bosom† (Kesey, 1962, p. 5). In other words, what the Chief perceived before – the nurse as big as a tractor, with arms long enough to wrap around the men six times, etc. - that represented the nurse's true self, which is that of the castrating female. The outward appearance, on the other hand, represents the face that she puts to the world, which is that of a feminine woman who is not controlling, authoritative or castrating. Like a sucubus, the mythical beautiful woman who may harm or kill men through their seductive ways, Nurse Ratched hides her true demon under a facade of beauty, which makes her all the more insi dious and all the more likely to be successful in castrating men. Her allure is on the outside, while her demonic side is on the inside. The power struggle with McMurphy represents the struggle with a man that she essentially cannot castrate, and this leads not only to her undoing, but McMurphy. Ratched has effectively neutered every other man who is under her umbrella of power, so that they do what she says, but McMurphy is different. He is different from the time that he presented himself into the ward - â€Å"

Shakespearian and Spenserian Essay Example for Free

Shakespearian and Spenserian Essay Sonnets are poems about different types of love, they are about, romantic love, were the love is equal, both partners love one another, unrequited love where the love is only one sided, you love someone but they do not desire you in the same way, and then there is bereavement, when you are grieving the death of a loved one. The poets who write these sonnets try to explain the impossible, what is love? By expressing what they feel for their partner on paper, whether it be exaggerated or just honest. But in order for us to recognise what these poets are trying to express, they use similes, images and symbols so the readers can relate to what the poets are trying to say. Sonnets have a rule that they must be fourteen lines long. There are three different types of sonnets, Petrarchan, Shakespearian and Spenserian, and they have different structures, for example Petrarchan sonnets have an Octet Sestet structure with Octet being the first eight lines on the first idea and the Sestet being the last six lines on a variation on the first idea, while Shakespearean and Spenserian sonnets have a Quatrain Quatrain Quatrain Couplet structure, the first four lines on the first idea, four lines on second idea, four lines on development of previous idea and the two line Conclusion. Also the sonnets have a rhyming scheme in which Shakespearean sonnets are written as ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, Spenserian is written ABAB BCBC CDCD EE and Petrarchan has an ABBAABBA CDCDCD, though the Petrarchan rhyming scheme isnt always CDCDCD but can have a regular pattern CDCDEE. The Garden of Beauty is written by Edmund Spenser, in which he compares his lovers beauty to nature, and says that she is far greater than anything he has ever seen. Spenser has compared his lover to flowers like roses and lilies Her ruddy cheeks like unto roses red his telling us that his lovers cheeks are as red as roses, he also goes on to say Her breasts like lilies ere their leaves be shed her breasts are as white as lilies and Her lips did smell like unto gilliflowers that her lips are sweeter than flowers. Spencer then ends his statement that she is more beautiful than nature itself, that she is perfect. However in sonnet Sonnet130 one of Shakespeares is the complete opposite to The Garden of Beauty because Shakespeare does not exaggerate the truth of his lovers beauty, but instead is more honest about her looks but says that he still loves her. Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks If hair be wires, black wires grow on her head he says her breath is not as sweet as any perfume, and her hair is not smooth but is like wire but then he concludes his sonnet to say And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As she belied with false compare he is saying he loves her for who she is and that his love is true that he is not blinded by false compare. Surprised by Joy was inspired by the death of William Wordsworths daughters death, he is grieving her death and trying to come to terms with it Knowing my hearts best treasure was no more he calls her his heart, she was his most treasured joy and now she is gone, he is finding it hard to accept, he is finding it impossible to be happy when the thing that makes him happiest most is gone. He feels guilt because he was being happy for once, and he had forgotten his heart, but then he remembers and punishes himself for doing so, in a twisted sort of way he gets pleasure for feeling guilty, a guilty pleasure as if punishing himself is the right thing to do, as if it would be what his daughter would want him to be doing for him to never experience happiness again. In Remember Rossetti says that she would rather people forget and be happy and to enjoy them selves rather than to remember and have a frown upon their face Better by far you should forget and smile Than that you should remember and be sad she just wants everyone to be happy and move on with their lives and not stay in one place and be miserable with sad memories. The sonnet I prefer is Remember for the simple fact that it is true to forget once in a while and have a good time than to punish your self. Unrequited love is when you love someone and they do not love you back. The red and white roses in Red and White Roses by Thomas Carew represent, the passion and the coldness, the red rose for the passion he feels for his love and the white rose represents to coldness his love interest has towards him. The fire and ice in My Love is Like Fire to Ice also represents the passion and coldness, the fire is the passion like the red rose and the coldness is the ice like the white rose. The fire and ice expression is more effective than the red rose and white rose because the fire is not extinguished by the ice not is the ice melted by the fire, in fact it seems the more she rejects Spenser he the more he wants her his fire only grows with the ice. Such is the power of love in gentle mind, That it can alter all the course of kind he is saying his love for her is breaks the laws of nature and is stronger than any science. My favourite sonnet overall is the Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare because although it is honest, Shakespeare Is too honest in that it becomes kind of comedic in the way that he loves his lover even if she is not perfect in beauty but is perfect in mind.

Guilded Age :: essays research papers

There are many different views on whether or not business should be regulated during the Guilded Age. The rich who controlled the government at the time were against any kind of regulation of business. They wanted one hundred percent capitalism. The workers on the other hand wanted the business to be regulated, and the legalization of unions. I am going to support the ideas of the business owners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many wealthy business owners who believed in the gospel of wealth. This was the idea that God made the rich rich and the poor poor. This was a common thought process of the Guilded Age. Andrew Carnegie was a major follower of this thought. This is shown in his speech â€Å"Wealth.† In this speech he says that rich and poor are necessary for the race. It also describes how it is survival of the fittest. The ideas of the gospel of wealth are a scary concept today. If you look at it with a revisionist viewpoint the idea that rich are rich because God said so leaves us open for so much discrimination. The thoughts of this time were not able to see this, and the business owners wanted to keep the power in their hands. Document E also has a touch gospel of wealth in it. It talks about a preacher telling his parishioners to go out and make money. It says that it is the person’s job to go out and become rich. It also talks about how the rich are the most honest of all people. That because they have money you are the least likely to lie because you don’t have too. Many people of the era said that the money would be there even if the rich weren’t there, but Document G contradicts this idea.

Grace Nichols Essay

In the poem by Grace Nichols ‘Of course when they ask for poems about the ‘Realities’ of black women’, this poem contains certain splits which reflect upon her experience as an immigrant moving from the Caribbean to the United Kingdom and how she collaborates her two worlds together, by using both Creole, the language from her homeland and Standard English. She resists the notions of the black women in a contemporary society through her poetry and is rather fond of her Caribbean heritage and also still being proud of her European custom and seeing it as belonging to her. This space ‘in between’ of being a writer between two worlds, are all geographical, cultural and personal and there is a split that is caused not only by physical migration but by the adoption of new cultural customs, and the personal rifts of identity and agency. Grace Nichols strived to find her voice in London to write about her homeland Guyana, and the pressing issues of bla ck women ideologies. She strives to be true to the inner language of her voice by fighting against these dogmas that conflictingly were being imposed from the colonial power that is her current homeland, the United Kingdom and she achieves this by creating something new. In her poem ‘Of course when they ask for poems about the ‘Realities’ of black women’ she defeats the black women stereotypes by refusing the historical legacy of the grotesque and patronizing colonial structures of the black women and the black women as ‘frail victims.’ 1 She gets this message across in the poem when she states: â€Å"Maybe this poem is to say, that I like to see we black women full-of-we-selves walking Crushing out with each dancing step the twisted self-negating history we’ve inherited Crushing out with each dancing step,†2 this is a split that is caused by the physical migration into a colonial country and her need to express the issue caused by colonial powers. Fortunately, by being a black British writer, her voice is heard much greater by those with fixed ideologies of black women. And, additionally she signifies that she has not lost her roots and the Caribbean blood still pumps within her veins, she continues to be the voice of her ancestors. In the essay by Stuart Hall, ‘Cultural Identity and Diaspora’ he states that identity is seen through visual arts and cinemas are â€Å"resources of resistance and identity, with which to confront the fragmented and pathological ways in which that experience has been reconstructed within the dominant regimes of cinematic and visual representation of the West.† 3  Hence a poem that wants to achieve this requires the experience to tell it. He is also implying that people of the diaspora need to take back their identity as it has been told for too long through the dominant cinema. Thus, Nichols’s splits of geographical displacement have had a profound impact on her writing across two worlds and she has a strong sense of agency, to be able to go against the norms of her current geographical content and speak out to those ideologies influenced by dominate powers and the â€Å"abused stereotypes already in their head.† 4 Referring to the Western systems, the tone in this poem portrays the ignorance of the West. Not only has her diaspora caused geographical splits in her literature but also produced cultural splits. Nichols expresses a diversity of cultural experiences of her migration to Britain and the constant intervention of a black British identity. Her poem signifies the split of cultural identity, we can see this within her writing on her experience, in the opening lines of the poem she states â€Å"Of course when they ask for poems about the ‘Realities’ of black women†5 we get the idea that the industry requests her to write poems about what they assume the black women to be. Thus, asking her to subscribe to those cultural norms, however Nichols resists this request by saying â€Å"I say I can write no poem big enough to hold the essence of a black woman or a white woman or a green woman.†6 Nichols’s message is apparent here, that there is no fixed label of a black woman and that the ‘black women’ comes in many different forms not one specific shape. By doing so she challenges the concept of the basic racial or gendered identity. The ‘Green women’7 is used by Nichols to show the significance of color, that it is not necessarily about black and white but more focused on woman in general, that the focus should not be on the color of skin. Hall states that, â€Å"We all write and speak from a particular place and time, from a history and a culture which is specific. What we say is always ‘in context’, positioned.†8 Nichols’s separation from her homeland encourages her to resist the norms of the West and to use her experience and her new cultural knowledge of her new custom to confront the so called experience of the black women that has been reconstructed by the West through cinematic and visual representations. She finds her identity as a black British writer and also uses her multicultural identity, along side with her diaspora experience to her advantage to articulate herself and represent her  image as an authentic writer with strong agency. Nichols embraces the noti on of split selves and her multicultural identity and it is evident in her poem when she mixes her mother tongue, Creole, her foreign tongue and Standard English. We capture this essence in line 39-41 â€Å" a piece-a-pussy/ that see the pickney dem/ in the grip-a-hungry-belly†9 she uses a mixture of both Creole and English to send her message across that she will always remain true to her traditions and that she is reclaiming her heritage whilst respectively passing on the legacy. These two languages were constantly interacting and Creole was considered as the inferior language by the colonial power, thus she deliberately uses Creole in her work to defy hierarchical systems and her sense of agency is manifest. Furthermore, Nichols’ personal rifts from her diaspora have left her with an endless desire to return to her lost origins, she scarcely achieves this through her poetry â€Å"and yes we cut bush to clear paths for our children and yes we throw spat to catch whale.†10 She shifts between two identities, therefore one cannot say that identities are stable but rather that â€Å"diaspora identities are those which are c onstantly producing and reproducing themselves anew, through transformation and difference.† Nichols is a writer across two worlds as she is constantly interacting between her past Caribbean culture, and her present British culture, she finds common ground between both. Therefore, her personal rifts of yearning, separation and nostalgia are also what characterize her diaspora experience in her poem. Grace Nichols’s geographical, cultural and personal rifts are what depict her diaspora literature, from physically moving to London from the Caribbean and finding her voice in a place where they are considered a minority, toward learning to conform and adapt to the new cultural values and norms of the British. Whilst, at the same time remembering your motherland’s traditions and values. We do not lose the sense that she is a Caribbean writer throughout her poem â€Å"Of course when they ask for poems about the ‘Realities’ of black women†, because she fuses Creole and English together to form her new identity as a black British writer. I relate to her experience, as I too am a person in between two worlds, straddling two cultures and I too have desires for my motherland Iraq, and the stereotypes of our culture forces one to find a ‘space in between’ to discover an identity suitable in both worlds. Her poem has a sense of hope and delight that one of a diaspora  identity can explore and is free to be more than one person, that the black women is a myth, although black women are still exposed to slavery, their courage may lead to a promising future. Bibliography Hall, Stuart. â€Å"Cultural identity and diaspora.† Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990. 222-237. Nichols, Grace. â€Å"Of course when they ask for poems about the ‘Realities’ of black women† Lazy Thoughts of a Lazy Woman. London: Virago, 1989.

Memoirs of a Geisha Book and Movie Analysis Essay

I. Introduction Speaking to us with the wisdom of age and in a voice at once haunting and startlingly immediate, Nitta Sayuri tells the story of her life as a geisha. It begins in a poor fishing village in 1929, when, as a nine-year-old girl with unusual blue-gray eyes, she is taken from her home and sold into slavery to a renowned geisha house. We witness her transformation as she learns the rigorous arts of the geisha: dance and music; wearing kimono, elaborate makeup, and hair; pouring sake to reveal just a touch of inner wrist; competing with a jealous rival for men’s solicitude and the money that goes with it. In Memoirs of a Geisha, we enter a world where appearances are paramount; where a girl’s virginity is auctioned to the highest bidder; where women are trained to beguile the most powerful men; and where love is scorned as illusion. It is a unique and triumphant work of fiction—at once romantic, erotic, suspenseful—and completely unforgettable. II. Comparison and Contrast After reading a lot of positive critique about the novel, I bought a copy and read it eagerly the moment I took hold of it. I’ve seen the movie long before I read the book. It was the movie that captured my interest and based on my experience, the books are always better than the movie, except for The DaVinci Code which I think, doesn’t have any difference with the book, that’s why I decided that it is a must to read the novel. The characters were vividly described. I was carried away by the emotions of the characters especially Nitta Sayuri, who was at the beginning, known as Chiyo, the girl from a poor coastal town who was sold to an okiya to be trained to become a geisha. It was focused on how a geisha is trained, about the life of a geisha. I always felt myself controlling my emotions especially on trying sequences in the novel. I was controlling my emotions just how Sayuri did, the way a geisha should. The character of Hatsumomo, on the other hand, made me feel mixed emotions. I was angry because of her cruelty to a helpless child but I also pity her because she knows that this very young helpless girl can eat her alive if she will get proper training as a geisha. The first real kindness that she experienced from the â€Å"Chairman† touched her deeply and gave her hope, a sense of purpose which vanished totally after she failed to meet her older sister when they planned to runaway and go back to their home. The book showed me that geishas are not prostitutes. They are well-trained, professional entertainers and although they, most of the time, manipulate men’s emotion for their own welfare, they know where their stand and that those men’s money were reciprocated by services enough that they don’t mind spending them. Communities depended greatly on Geishas, not directly but through the income they get from how the Geisha’s business operates. The book made me understand how hard it is to be a Geisha, how a woman gives her virginity to the highest bidder and how loving does not have a space in a woman’s life if she really want to succeed in her career. The movie did not do much explaining as the book but it was good. It did not show how meticulous it is to tie an obi. I did not feel overwhelmed by the dance scene as I felt reading how it was described in the book. They also changed how Hatsumomo left. In the book, she got so angry on a client that she bit him and after that, she was kicked out of the okiya but in the movie, she burned their okiya. I think it was a major turning point and should not be changed. It was also mentioned in the book how it felt strange when Hatsumomo was not living there in their okiya anymore. It was a good chance to play at the emotions of the viewers. But there were good things about the movie such as perfect soundtrack which carried on the mood and emphasized the emotions felt in different scenes, the casting was perfect although I would have chosen a prettier Mameha, and the colors were vivid, and some scenes made me go through the same emotions again as when I read it in the book such as the distant romance between the Chairman and Sayuri. I would also like it better if it was shown in the movie how the Chairman became Sayuri’s danna and that the two of them moved to NYC and Sayuri decided to put up her own teahouse there. III. Reaction The movie is a great supplement for the book. It was good by itself but reading the book will make you understand more, not only about being a Geisha but the culture in China, the complexity of the difference in economic status, the traditions that remained well-kept, and the depth of the kind of relationship that Sayuri and the Chairman had. The characters were well presented in the books as well as the settings and scenes. I love reading and I don’t get easily bored with books but it is also rare that I feel heavy in the chest to just put a book down. â€Å"Memoirs of a Geisha† is one of my favorite novels and although the movie did not make it to my list, it is a must-see if you read the novel. It would be much better if you read the book first because the movie will just help you visualize although that would not be needed because everything was vividly described by Arthur Golden in the novel the same way Rob Marshall precisely recreated the scenes that preserved the novel’s beautiful tragedy.

Tupac Amaru Shakur essays

Tupac Amaru Shakur essays There are many obstacles that this great African American man has defeated and conquered. This thug lays down for no one and has been a sign of courage to just not only me but to many other African Americans and colored people around the world. Tupac is an icon to the music world but to me, a lyrical genius that knows how to work this specific formula of voicing out what you have to say plus using your own points of views and past encounters in his music. Tupac has taught me to be strong and to never back down. The year of 1991 is when the voice of Tupac was first heard and is also the time that gangsta rap was just beginning. Tupacs only intent was to show the world his poetry in the form of music. Tupac raps about the street life, being a thug, selling drugs to get by, and basically doing what you have to do to get by in the ghetto world that he lived in. His music is inspiration to not only me but to lower economically challenged people, especially young teenagers, both boys and girls, and to gangsters around the United States of America. Some of his songs like Baby Dont Cry, Keep Yo Head Up, and Dear Mama deal with teenagers that hate their personal world because of where they are or who they messed with. These songs tell you that everyday may be hard and you got to do what you have to do to get by, but in reality, life does get better, and with each better day brings a new happiness. Songs like California Love and War Stories tell you about his love of his ghetto home and his past dealings with his hard fought life with the gang members in his teenage years. All in all Tupacs music has shown that shining yellow ray of hope to his people and to people that have no hope in general, no matter what shape of trouble they are in. Tupac is a personal hero of mine because he is a mix of two very important people that have battled for the...

Biography of Cotton Mather, Clergyman and Scientist

Biography of Cotton Mather, Clergyman and Scientist Cotton Mather was a Puritan clergyman in Massachusetts known for his scientific studies and literary works, as wells as for the peripheral role he played in the witchcraft trials at Salem. He was a highly influential figure in early America. As a leading scientific mind of his day, Mather was one of only two colonial Americans (the other being Benjamin Franklin) admitted to the prestigious Royal Society of London. Yet as a theologian, he also believed in non-scientific ideas, in particular the existence of witchcraft. Fast Facts: Cotton Mather Known For: Early American Puritan clergyman, scientist, and influential authorBorn: March 19, 1663 in Boston, MassachusettsDied: February 13, 1728, age 65Education: Harvard College, graduated 1678, received masters degree 1681Key Accomplishments: One of two American scientists named to prestigious Royal Society of London. Author of hundreds of works, ranging from pamphlets to massive works of scholarship and history. Early Life Cotton Mather was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 19, 1663. His father was Increase Mather, a prominent citizen of Boston and a noted scholar who served as the president of Harvard College from 1685 to 1701. As a boy, Cotton Mather was well educated, learning Latin and Greek, and was admitted to Harvard at the age of 12. He studied Hebrew and the sciences, and after receiving a degree at the age of 16, intended to pursue a career in medicine. At 19 he received a master’s degree, and he remained involved in the administration of Harvard for the rest of his life (though he was disappointed to never be asked to serve as its president). His personal life was marked by recurring tragedies. He had three marriages. His first two wives died, his third went insane. He and his wives had a total of 15 children, but only six lived to be adults, and of those only two outlived Mather. Minister In 1685 Cotton Mather was ordained in the Second Church in Boston. It was a prestigious institution in the city, and Mather became its pastor. From the pulpit his words carried weight, and he thus had considerable political power in Massachusetts. He was known to have opinions on just about any issues, and was not shy about expressing them. Title page of Cotton Mathers The Wonders of the Invisible World, a book on witchcraft.   Library of Congress / Getty Images When the notorious trials of accused witches began in Salem in the winter of 1692-93, Cotton Mather approved of them, and by some interpretations actively encouraged them. Eventually, 19 people were executed and many more jailed. In 1693 Mather wrote a book, Wonders of the Invisible World, which made the case for the supernatural, and seemed to be a justification for the events at Salem. Mather later recanted his views on the witch trials, eventually considering them to have been excessive and unjustified. Scientist Mather had a deep interest in science since his childhood, and as books about discoveries by scientists in Europe reached America, he devoured them. He also corresponded with scientific authorities in Europe, and though positioned in the American colonies, he managed to stay up to date with the works of men such as Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle. Over the course of his life, Mather wrote about scientific subjects including botany, astronomy, fossils, and medicine. He became an authority on common diseases, including scurvy, measles, fevers, and smallpox. One of the major contributions Cotton Mather made to science in early America was his support for the concept of vaccinations. He was attacked and threatened for advocating that the public receive vaccinations for smallpox (a disease which had killed some of his children). By 1720, he was the foremost American authority on vaccinations. Author Mather possessed boundless energy as a writer, and over the course of his life he published hundreds of works, ranging from pamphlets to hefty books of scholarship. Perhaps his most significant written work was Magnalia Christi Americana, published in 1702, which chronicled the history of the Puritans in New England from 1620 to 1698. The book also serves as something of a history of the Massachusetts colony, and it became a cherished and widely read book in early America. (The copy owned by John Adams can be viewed online.) Title page of Magnalia Christi Americana, by Cotton Mather. Cotton Mather / Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons   His writings show his typical wide range of interests. A book of essays, Political Fables, was published in 1692; Psalterium Americanum, a work in which he set the psalms to music, was published in 1718; and The Angel of Bethesda, a medical manual, was published in 1722. Bonifacius, Or Essays to Do Good, which Mather published in 1718, gave practical advice for doing good works. Benjamin Franklin credited the book as having influenced him as a youth. Legacy Cotton Mather died February 13, 1728, at the age of 65. By creating so many written works, Mather left an enduring legacy. He inspired Benjamin Franklin, who pursued simultaneous careers as writer, scientist, and political activist. And later American writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne all acknowledged debts to Cotton Mather. Sources: Cotton Mather. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 10, Gale, 2004, pp. 330-332. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Mather, Cotton. Colonial America Reference Library, edited by Peggy Saari and Julie L. Carnagie, vol. 4: Biographies: Volume 2, UXL, 2000, pp. 206-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Comparison Between Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Essay

Comparison Between Macroeconomic and Microeconomic - Essay Example Macroeconomics also analyses some sub aggregates like spending on consumptions and investments and their components. These are also treated to be the components of GDP or Gross Domestic Product. The effect of fiscal as well as monetary policy is under the purview of macroeconomics. It can be characterized as modeling of sectors on the basis of some micro components. The factors that can shed its impact on the long term growth prospects as well as can affect the level of national income fall under the domain of macroeconomics. The factors that have such kind of potential include modifications in technology, the rate of capital accumulation and augmentation of the labor force (Cencini, 2005, p. 2). The models of macroeconomics can be used to find out the trends in some specific sector and forecast or anticipate the future results. These forecasted results determined using those models are used by the government as well as for the large ownership corporations as this kind of analysis wi ll help them in their path of development and build new strategies of business that suites their purpose. Some of the famous macroeconomic models include Aggregate demand, the Aggregate supply model and the ISLM model. The once divided fields of monetary policy and the business cycles led to the emergence of macroeconomics. The contribution of J.M. Keynes to macroeconomics cannot be ignored. His book â€Å"General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money† depicts the key concepts of macroeconomics. He offered a modern theory of economics which dealt with the problem on why the market is not clear and eventually a school of economists evolved who seemed to follow the Keynesian theory (Andolfatto, 2005, p. 2). Microeconomics deals with the basic elements in the economy. The households and the firms are treated to be the agents involved in the circle of microeconomics.